The LC ACs themselves are pro-inflammatory, and together with medium chain ACs has been demonstrated in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus to induce cytokine production and activate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as induce phosphorylation of JNK and ERK via the downstream effector MyD88, and even contribute to ROS production via undeduced mechanisms in RAW 264.7 cells15. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and Insulin resistance.