MAPK8 and Insulin resistance: The LC ACs themselves are pro-inflammatory, and together with medium chain ACs has been demonstrated in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus to induce cytokine production and activate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as induce phosphorylation of JNK and ERK via the downstream effector MyD88, and even contribute to ROS production via undeduced mechanisms in RAW 264.7 cells15.