TNF and neoplasm: They found that the positive feedback loop of PGE2‐EP2‐NF‐κB‐COX‐2 signalling also functioned in TAFs and in synergy with TNF‐α to amplify the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes such as IL‐6, tumour promoting genes such as various WNT molecules and genes for tissue remodelling such as BDNF, MMP12 and osteopontin (Ma et al., 2015).