Cytogenetic biomarkersBRAF mutationEGF, latrophilin and 7 transmembrane domain-containing 1 on chromosome 1 (ELTD1) EGFRvIII deletionLoss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 1p, 19q, 17p, and 10qLoss of p16 tumor suppressor gene pathwayLoss of p53 tumor suppressor geneMAGE-E1, a glioma-specific member of MAGE (melanoma-associated antigen) familyMdm2 amplification in 15% of malignant gliomasPTEN deletion or mutationRBI wild type, no mutation. Here, ADGRL4 is linked to cancer.