Furthermore, even under diabetic conditions, the IL4-loaded immunomodulatory microspheres significantly enhanced bone regeneration, as shown in a diabetes mellitus (DM) rat mandibular periodontal defect model in Fig. 1.34 The micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) analysis at 4 weeks after surgery demonstrated that the IL4-loaded NHG-MS restored the close to the normal level in the presence of diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and diabetes mellitus.