T-bet (Figures 4A,B), STAT-1 (Figures 4A,C), and STAT-4 (Figures 4A,D) are factors that induce Th1 cell differentiation; these were all expressed at a significantly higher rate in PBMCs from AD mice treated with Duolac ATP compared to untreated AD mice. Here, STAT4 is linked to Alzheimer disease.