INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Compared to NFG and IFG groups, DM group showed significant cardiovascular-related metabolic disorders, including overweight/obesity (significant increase in BMI and VAT), high NAFLD proportion, abnormal liver functions (elevated ALT and γ-GT levels), abnormal glucose metabolism (increased fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and fasting insulin), abnormal lipid metabolism (elevated TC, TG, LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C levels, decreased HDL-C level), and insulin resistance (increased HOMA-IR) (P < 0.05 for all).