EPCAM and cholangiocarcinoma: On the other hand, EVs secreted by liver-fluke associated CCA cells induce cholangiocyte proliferation (97) and invasion (91), events that are associated with an enrichment of oncoproteins in EVs, including galectin-3 binding protein (LG3BP), prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator, 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc), integrin-β1 and EPCAM (91).