RNASEL and infection: L∗ is only expressed by TMEV and is important for infection of macrophages, persistence of the virus in mice and inhibiting RNase L (van Eyll and Michiels, 2000; Sorgeloos et al., 2013), 2B∗ results from a frameshifting mechanism conserved in cardioviruses that regulates the ratio of structural and non-structural proteins translated over time.