TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In summary, our results highlight the potential benefits of the mitochondria- targeted antioxidant SS-31 for the leukocytes of T2D patients; namely, it increases SIRT1 levels and reduces oxidative stress, NFκB pro-inflammatory signalling and proinflamatory cytokine TNFα levels, all of which eventually diminishes leukocyte-endothelial interaction.