HES1 and thyroid gland carcinoma: Some of the novel loci include genes that have been previously implicated in thyroid development (GLIS3), thyroid hormone action and transport (NCOR1, TTR, SLCO1B1), thyroid hormone metabolism (DIO2, DIO3OS), and thyroid cancer (e.g., HES1, SPATA13, DIRC3, ID4) by various candidate gene studies of monogenic diseases and animal models.