The affected inflammatory pathways ranged from macrophage infiltration (upregulation of macrophage markers), early inflammatory response (signaling of cytokines, chemokines and interleukins), late-phase fibrotic response to NASH, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and Wnt-related signaling (Fig. 2c, d). Here, TGFB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.