One exome analysis of 10 human NAFLD-HCC patients identified two previously unreported somatic mutations (FGA and SYNE1) that might contribute to NAFLD-HCC, as well as other mutations in known HCC-associated genes such as TERT promoter, CTNNB1, TP53, ARID1A, ARID2, TSC2, ACVR2A, NFE2L2 and AXIN143. Here, TSC2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.