We identified 82 genes to be recurrently mutated in two or more NASH-HCCs (Fig. 5c; Supplementary Data 2); these included two genes mutated in 4/5 NASH-HCCs (Ryr1 and Sdk1); 8 genes mutated in 3/5 NASH-HCCs (Epha8, Pcdh15, Fat2, Cep152, Ttn, Rxfp1, Aox3l1 and Pkd1l3) and 71 genes mutated in 2/5 NASH-HCCs (notably Mtor, Ryr2, Cacna1h, Col7a1, Fcgbp, Adam29, Gpr98 and Pclo). Here, PKD1L3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.