TGFB1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Notably, GBM exhibited higher levels of TGFB1 and DVL2 as compared to Astrocytoma °II/°III (Figure 3; TGFB1: induction 1.5-fold ± 0.36, p = n.s.; DVL2: induction 2.1-fold ± 0.3, p < 0.001; n = 10 for Astrocytoma °II/°III).