PPM1K and cardiomyopathy: Transcriptomic and metabolomics studies have revealed that expression of PPM1K (the gene encoding PP2Cm) is suppressed in cardiomyopathy and that proteins involved in the rate-limiting step of BCAA degradation, including BCKDH E1 α/β and E2 subunits, are downregulated during pathological stress, leading to marked accumulation of branched-chain alpha-keto acids (BCKAs) in stressed heart tissue24.