As insulin resistance is a common problem in patients with type 2 DM, it is of major importance to clarify whether GLP-1 and, accordingly, GLP-1-based drugs (GLP-1 analogues, see below) have the capacity to exert their beneficial effects not only indirectly via insulin and glucagon, but also directly by binding the GLP-1R on hepatocytes. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.