Infection with a virus lacking miR-US5-1 and miR-UL112-3p but containing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting IKKα and IKKβ resulted in a return to wild type (WT) levels of proinflammatory cytokine release, indicating that the phenotype of the miR-US5-1/miR-UL112-3p mutant virus was due to the targeting of IKKα and IKKβ by these miRNAs [56]. Here, IKBKB is linked to infection.