Specifically, CEC-1 (ST129) or SWW33 (ST375)-colonized mice developed severe intestinal disease characterized by increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Here, CSF2 is linked to intestinal disorder.