IGF2 and neoplasm: In PDAC and invasive breast cancer mouse models, we have shown that both Insulin and IGF1 receptors are activated, and the use of IGF1/IGF2 ligand blocking antibodies, which inhibit IGF-1 and IGF-2 signaling through both IGF-1 and insulin receptors, increases response to chemotherapy and reduces tumor growth and metastasis (Ireland et al., 2016, 2018).