CCN2 and neoplasm: Concurrent with their activated state, CAFs express an altered secretory phenotype, compared to quiescent fibroblasts, including ECM proteins and ECM modulating factors such as tenascin C, periostin, SPARC and EDA-FN; and tumor promoting factors such as nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), IL-8, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and CXCL7 (Kalluri, 2003; Hanahan and Coussens, 2012).