However, the coinfection also significantly reduced the expression of TLR ligands and signaling cascades TLR-4, TLR-6, TLR-8, MyD88, TRAF-6, and NF-κB (supplementary data Figure 1), as well as transcripts of cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 (Figures 3(a)–3(e)), but not IL-12β and TNF-α (supplementary data Figure 2), as compared with infection of U937 cell-derived macrophage cells alone (p < 0.01). Here, TRAF6 is linked to infection.