TNF and diabetes mellitus: The AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) substudy A5224s demonstrated that higher pre-ART hs-CRP and time-updated TNF-α, sTNFRI, and sTNFRII concentrations were significantly associated with increased risk of non-AIDS-defining events (including myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism), non-AIDS-defining malignancies, and diabetes mellitus, independently of CD4+ T lymphocyte count over 96 weeks of follow-up [23].