In peripheral insulin resistance, the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of inflammatory stress signalling, can lead to serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 by kinases, inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), which in turn interfere with IR-mediated signalling, blocking the intracellular actions of insulin [66]. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.