FRMD4A and cancer: The two mechanisms defined are intrinsically related to the pathogenesis of IBD, and likely will apply as general rules for the CUPID domains of FRMD4A, FRMD4B, and CCDC120 - proteins implicated in neurite outgrowth, and in human cancer, Alzheimer’s, celiac, and heart disease (Cappola et al., 2010; Garner et al., 2014; Goldie et al., 2012; Lambert et al., 2013; Torii et al., 2014; Velcheti et al., 2017).