GPBAR1 and neurodegenerative disease: Further, Gpbar1 is expressed by microglia and GPBAR1 agonists have been shown to reduce neuroinflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases including models of multiple sclerosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and stroke (Lewis et al. 2014; Mano et al. 2004; Parry et al. 2010; McMillin et al. 2015; Rodrigues et al. 2002).