CD4 and Abnormal renal physiology: Some studies have reported improvements in renal function with the use of ART and suppressed viral load.44,45 In our study, a CD4+ cell count was beneficially associated with CrCl and eGFR, showing that improved immune systems may protect against renal dysfunction.45 In addition, during the pre-ART era, the prevalence of microalbuminuria (defined by uACR ≥ 3 mg/mmol - 30 mg/mmol) in HIV-infected individuals was estimated at between 19% and 31%,19,46 whereas in the post-ART era, it was estimated at between 8.7% and 11%.47