INS and heart failure: There was a lower risk in the DPP4i-based and insulin-based groups than in the combined treatment group for MACEs (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.50–0.57 for DPP4i-based; HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.97 for insulin-based), nonfatal MI (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.26–0.42; HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46–0.81), cardiac death (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14–0.40; HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30–0.94), any death (HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.18–0.23; HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.34–0.44), amputation (HR 0.16, 95% CI 0.13–0.20; HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.88), and heart failure for admission (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.30–0.41; HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71–0.99).