Intradermal injection of combined CpG-B/GM-CSF administration resulted in enhanced in vivo maturation and frequencies of cDCs in the lymph nodes of patients with stage I-II melanoma and these cDCs displayed increased cross-presentation capacities after ex vivo culture (128), suggesting the potential of CpG-B/GM-CSF as a possible new combination partner for DC-based immunotherapies against metastatic spread. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is melanoma.