ESR1 and breast carcinoma: There has been increasing interest in the RANK-axis with respect to breast cancer risk and prognosis given the availability of a RANKL inhibitor, denosumab, which has been shown to reduce skeletal-related events in breast cancer patients with bone metastases [7] and may improve disease-free survival in postmenopausal breast cancer patients with ER and progesterone receptor (PR) positive disease [8].