Perhaps more striking is the role of IKKα in regulating genes/protein that helps to underpin the phenotypes associated with longer term tumour development: ‘inducing angiogenesis’ and ‘activating invasion and metastasis’ by way of regulating cytokine (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6 [48,49]) and chemokine (e.g., CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12, CXCL13 and BAFF [27,51,52]) induction and modulation of adhesion molecule (e.g., VCAM; References [48,49,50]), maspin [50,53] and MMPs [50] expression in different cellular/tissue situations. Here, CHUK is linked to neoplasm.