VCAM1 and peripheral arterial disease: In addition, the levels of several circulating biomarkers were assessed in the sera of the PAD patients and control subjects, and PAD patients were shown to have lower antioxidant capacity, measured as the Hydroxyl Radical Antioxidant Capacity (HORAC), and higher inflammatory markers of high-sensitivity CRP, interleukin-8 (IL-8), serum amyloid A (SAA), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [58].