Inman et al demonstrated that PD-L1 expression was increased in BCG-induced granulomas in the bladder after BCG immunotherapy; the majority of NMIBC patients (12 of 16, 75%) that failed BCG treatment exhibited diffuse and intense PD-L1 expression within the BCG-induced granulomas found in proximity to their recurrent tumors [13]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and Granuloma.