IGF1R and cancer: Again, the growth receptors and receptor tyrosine kinase pathways mentioned above play an important role in cell survival, specifically IGF-1 and IGF-2 binding to IGF-1R [38, 52].The relationship between IGF-1R and the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways has been described as a crucial cell protectant in many different cancer cell types [53–56].