PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: To confirm that PD-1 efficacy and resultant clinical responses were truly determined by the dominance of certain bacterial species, we performed the gavage of feces harvested at diagnosis from NSCLC patients (four Rs and four NRs) into “avatar mice”, thereby recolonizing these initially ATB-treated (sterilized) mice with patient-derived microbiota.