TNF and age-related macular degeneration: In addition to being an inducer of the NF‐κB pathway, TNFα presents increased expression with human ageing and in age‐related degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.56 Importantly in relation to the RPE, TNFα was shown to increase the production and secretion of the angiogenic VEGF protein, a known contributor to development of wet (neovascular) AMD,57 and anti‐TNFα injections helped improve vision of wet AMD patients.58