TNF and Takayasu arteritis: TNF-inhibitors (TNFi; etanercept, and particularly the anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, and infliximab), the IL-6 inhibitor, tocilizumab (TCZ), and B-cell-directed strategies such as the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab have been increasingly used in the treatment of TA in children.