This is consistent with the findings of Righi et al. (2016) who reported that recurrent AF associated with the KCNQ1 V141M mutation was unresponsive to multiple anti-arrhythmic agents (failing to revert to sinus rhythm), including (hydro)quinidine (Righi et al., 2016). Here, KCNQ1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.