Given the ability of IGF-1 to hyperactivate the PI3K/Akt pathway in E-cadherin mutant breast cancer cells, we analysed IGF1 expression in the METABRIC18 and TCGA (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/) mRNA expression datasets (Fig. 4a,b, Supplementary Fig. S4 and Supplementary Table S5). Here, PIK3CA is linked to breast cancer.