TNF and atherosclerosis: Past investigations have demonstrated that the levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, and inflammatory cytokines are high in patients with diabetes.[30,31] The proinflammatory changes have a direct role in the pathogenesis of complications such as atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and neuropathy.[32–34] The main type of cells that play a role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis, a lipid-guided inflammatory disease that induces proinflammatory cytokine secretion,[35,36] is the monocyte.