TGFB1 and ulcer disease: In addition, other studies have associated the early expression of this factor and its increased expression levels with the regulation of the immune response, allowing for the establishment of infection and development of ulcers (Balak et al., 1992; Barral-Netto and Barral, 1994; Barral et al., 1995; Mougneau et al., 2011; Hejazi et al., 2012; Nylén and Eidsmo, 2012; Rodrigues et al., 2014; Bhattacharya et al., 2016), since TGFβ1 has the capacity to inhibit the Th1 response affecting the production of IFNγ, IL12, and key cytokines in the control and elimination of the parasite (Reed, 1999).