ESR1 and Other metabolic disease: Sex-dependent metabolic disorders in the absence of weight gain. In males, increased hepatic expression of genes encoding proteins related to cholesterol biosynthesis associated with a decrease in hepatic total cholesterol levels. In females, marked deterioration of glucose tolerance associated with decreased expression of gene encoding ERα as well as estrogen target genes and increased expression of gene encoding the estrogen sulfotransferase SULT1E1.