TNF and infection: ZIKV infection triggered the upregulation of multiple cytokines in humans during acute phase of infection that we were able to characterize by Luminex assay, including IP-10, IL-5, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-10, MIP-1α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1RA, IL-2, MIG, IFN-α, IL-2R, and IL-4 (Fig. S3).