A relatively small sample (n = 44611) eventually contributed to the complete model, which identified all variables significantly and independently associated to insulin treatment initiation, including known diabetes duration (rather than age per se), HbA1c, triglyceride and low HDL-C values, and the presence of retinopathy or renal dysfunction (reduced eGFR or the presence of micro-/macroalbuminuria). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.