It should be noted that, although there was a tendency of anti-PD-L1 to revert the suppression of CD4+ T cells triggered by CpG-stimulated B cells, it was not significant, suggesting that B cells from HC and RA patients may suppress a CD4+ T cell response not exclusively via PD-L1 but using other mechanisms/mediators. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.