CD49f mediates the stem cell niche via interactions with the extracellular matrix and communication between tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment.33 In UCB, CD49f is downregulated during differentiation34 and has been utilized to enrich CSC population.35 NANOG is a key pluripotent transcription factor36 and predominantly expressed in urothelial CSCs.37 Thus, all the three molecules (CD24, CD49f, and NANOG) act as biologically relevant CSC factors in UCB. The gene discussed is NANOG; the disease is neoplasm.