SOX2 and cancer: We recently demonstrated that chronic arsenic exposure endows urothelial cells with malignant stemness properties, including increased expression of several CSC-related molecules such as SOX2, CD24, and NANOG.19 Furthermore, we observed incremental expression of SOX2 in urine samples from carcinogen (arsenic)-exposed non-cancer subjects and UCB subjects compared with urine samples from non-exposed control subjects.