SOX2 and neoplasm: We previously reported SOX2 as a potential urine-based biomarker for non-invasive early detection of UCB,19 and this molecule is an established regulator of CSCs and have a considerable role in tumour initiation.9 To further identify CSC-associated urine-based biomarkers, we tested 15 CSC-related molecules by candidate gene approach in urine from 24 UCB and 24 controls subjects (total 48 urine samples as a training cohort).