IFNG and abscess: In contrast to what was observed in the abscess model, when a cytokine depletion was performed in the GI colonization model we found that depletion of either IFN-γ or IL-17 completely abolished S. aureus MAPS-induced protection in mice, suggesting that the clearance of S. aureus carriage may require both Th1- and Th17-mediated immune responses (Fig. 6).