Circulating lipopolysaccharide is significantly increased in chronically HIV-infected individuals and in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques, and the increased lipopolysaccharide is bioactive in vivo and correlates with measures of innate and adaptive immune activation [46].In chronic HIV infection, a poorly controlled translocation of bacterial products, as measured by LPS binding protein, occurs and correlates with immune activation markers, which in turn correlate with disease progression [47]. This evidence concerns the gene LBP and HIV infectious disease.