Clinical factors (LUTS severity and obesity, ultrasound findings (bladder wall thickness ≥ 3 mm, prostate volume ≥ 80 cm3), and urodynamic parameters (BOO severity, post - void residual urine ≥ 50 mL) were associated with either increased MDA concentration or reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD / catalase) in the bladder wall. Here, CAT is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.