A study conducted in 2017 that included 261 subjects and 261 controls measured the levels of IFN-λ1, IFN-α, IL-17A, IL-23, and IP-10 using ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and high levels of IFN-λ1 and IFN-α were seen in NPSLE and high levels of IP-10 were seen in arthritis. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and arthritic joint disease.