TYR and freckles: Abnormally increased melanogenesis causes multiple types of skin disorders, such as skin cancer, chloasma, and freckles [4]; thus, small molecules or natural products that target either the catalytic activity of tyrosinase, or regulators of signaling pathways in melanogenesis, including ERK1/2, or MITF-mediated transcription of melanogenic genes, have been identified as active ingredients to be exploited in the cosmetic industry.