Another protein that has also been shown to bind to KLC1 in co-IP experiments is TorsinA, a constitutively inactive AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) protein whose gene is linked to early-onset dystonia type 1 (DYT1) (Kamm et al., 2004) (Figure 1B, right-hand side). Here, TOR1A is linked to early-onset generalized limb-onset dystonia.