Advanced non-small cell lung cancer or recurrent lung cancer patients who were refractory to current therapy: 1. Increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing cells in 58.8% of patients after injection of IL-2/GM-CSF-cultured PBMCs pulsed with α-GalCer 2. Prolonged median survival time in responders (who showed an increase in the number of IFN-γ-producing cells) (31.9 months in responders vs. 9.7 months in non-responders). Here, CSF2 is linked to lung carcinoma.