COPD patients: 1. Higher percentage of CD56+ CD3+ NKT cells in peripheral blood from COPD patients than in that from healthy controls 2. Human IFN-γ- or IL-17-producing iNKT cells activated by cigarette smoke extract-exposed dendritic cells or airway epithelial cells •[] Cigarette smoke model (mouse): 1. Increased number of lung iNKT cells after exposure to cigarette smoke 2. No induction of AHR in CD1d1−/− or Jα18−/− mice. Here, IFNG is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.