CSF2 and neoplasm: In the B16-BL6 and B16-F10 murine models of solid and metastatic melanoma, in particular, anti-CTLA-4 antibody blockade of T cells alone was not effective in eliminating tumors, and their potential for driving anti-tumor immunity was revealed only after treatment of the mice with a granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing tumor cell vaccine, which enhanced dendritic cell activity and also enhanced the generation of B16 melanoma-specific T cells (60).